The ability to understand and evaluate the various claims we see on the news, in advertisements, and on social media is an important life skill. Similarly, being able to weigh up conflicting arguments and assess whether they are adequately supported by facts is part of academic work. Although we are all entitled to have an opinion, not all opinions are equal. Some are well reasoned and logical. Others may sound believable, but actually be built on shaky foundations.

Being able to see the logic of an argument is a very good way to help determine whether it is something you should take at face value or be a bit more careful about. Arguments that are based on faulty logic are called “logical fallacies”. They are surprisingly common, but being aware of them will make it a bit easier for you to see when arguments don’t quite make sense. Here are just a few of the most common ones:

Ad populum

This refers to an argument based on popularity. It may sound convincing at first, but just because many people believe something does not make it right. In the past, many people believed the Earth was flat, but we now know it is round. Similarly, the popularity of something does not prove its quality.

Ad hominem

This is the rejection of a point of view because of who said it. It often takes the form of an attack on someone’s skill or character. For example, saying “You can’t take John’s point about management seriously. He’s never run a business,” would be dismissing John’s opinion because of his (lack of) experience, not because his argument was weak. People often use this kind of argument when discussing politics—but even a politician you dislike may say something you agree with occasionally.

Straw man

The straw man fallacy involves misrepresenting someone’s point of view to make it easier to attack. Darwin’s theories on evolution were once attacked for saying humans evolved from apes. This idea was easy to make fun of, but it was not actually what he said. You may have seen this kind of tactic in the run-up to the American election when the candidates try to influence public opinion about their opponents.

False dilemma

This kind of fallacy presents a problem as having only two (usually opposing) solutions. The statement, “If you’re not for me, you’re against me” is an example of this. Another example would be “The Tokyo Olympics should either go ahead as planned or be cancelled completely.” While these are two possibilities, they are not the only two. (The Games could be postponed again, for example, or held with no audience.)

A little knowledge of these kinds of fallacies can make discussions more interesting and give you greater confidence in your own ability to assess the way others present their opinions. Making informed decisions about the information and views we see is even more important now that ideas spread so quickly online: we all need to develop the skills to separate fact from fiction.

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Blog Quiz

1. A logical fallacy is …

a. an argument you disagree with

b. an argument which is logical

c. an argument that is based on faulty logic

d. an argument that is based on inaccurate facts

2. Which of these is an ad hominem argument?

a. I don’t think this is right: Donald Trump never says anything I can believe.

b. I agree with this. Most of the people I discussed this think so too.

c. I can’t decide until I’ve researched it more thoroughly.

3. What kind of logical fallacy is contained in the following statement? Gasoline causes too much pollution, so all cars in the future will be electric.

a. Ad hominem

b. Straw man

c. False dilemma

d. Ad populum

Scroll down ↓ for the answers to the quiz.

Quiz Answers

A1. C

A2. A

A3. C

Polyglots are people who have learned many languages. The most famous polyglots can speak over 10 languages. Some of the current famous polyglots are Richard Simcott, Steve Kaufmann, and Luca Lampariello. You can look them up on the internet to find out in detail how they study. They might study a little differently than your teachers have told you, but it is hard to argue with their success. This article will summarize what I found out from researching polyglot language learners.

The first thing to know is there isn’t one way to learn a language. Polyglots used a lot of different methods. Some of the methods they recommended were the opposite of what other polyglots recommended. The lesson here is to research what others recommend, try many different methods, and when you find one that works for you personally, use that method. Despite there being many opinions on the best way to learn languages, there were some main themes that emerged.

Maximize Comprehensible Input

Most polyglots were big fans of the American Linguistics Professor Stephen Krashen. Krashen recommends learners expose themselves to as much of the target language as possible. This input should ideally be just above your level and interesting to you. This includes reading easy books, watching videos, and listening to music. The key is to listen and read as much as you can in your target language. Some people call this the immersion approach. Use the time you have such as when you are traveling to school, doing housework, or winding down at the end of the day.

Review Words, Phrases, and Sentences from the Input

Most polyglots advised reviewing what was learned from the input using a Spaced Repetition System (SRS). This is similar to studying from flashcards, but the software tells you when to study the information again just before you forget it. There are many computer applications you can use but the most famous one is called “Anki”. When a word or phrase repeatedly catches your attention, make a study card, and review it until you can recall it easily.

Practice Speaking and Writing

Although most polyglots advise to focus on listening and reading at the beginning stages of learning a language, speaking and writing can help to reinforce and solidify language already learned. To practice writing, the most obvious example given is to write a diary. For speaking, the most obvious thing to do is to speak to others in the target language. If this is not possible, recording yourself can also be good practice.

Learning a language should be fun if you follow the polyglot language learners’ advice. Immerse yourself in as much interesting content in your target language as you can. Pick out bits you want to learn and review them with a spaced repetition system like Anki. When you have progressed beyond the beginner level, use speaking and writing to reinforce what you have learned through listening and reading.

But most of all, make sure to have fun!

Photo Credit: Skylar Kang@ Pexels.com

Blog Quiz

Q1. What is a "polyglot"?

Q2. What is the first piece of advice from polyglots?

Q3: According to the article, what is the name of the most famous SRS flashcard application?

Scroll down ↓ for the answers to the quiz.

Quiz Answers

A1. A person who speaks many languages well.

A2. Maximize comprehensible input.

A3. Anki.

Like many people, I really love ramen. I have visited lots of restaurants from Kyushu to Hokkaido and tried many kinds of soup. I even have an application on my phone that shows me where all the best shops are. Therefore, when were told by the government to avoid crowded places because of the pandemic, I started to panic. I began to wonder if I could make delicious ramen at home.

I like cooking. It’s a fun hobby, a great stress relief, and I usually cook for my family when I can. However, I believed making a proper tonkotsu soup at home was the only possible in restaurants, in steaming kitchens where busy chefs understood the magic of the bubbling broth. However, after doing a little research, I found there are lots of people who love ramen and many of them live in countries where it isn’t easy to buy it in restaurants. There are plenty of recipes available in different languages, some by Japanese people and some by international ramen lovers. I also found videos showing the technique of making the broth, the tare, the noodles, and the toppings. It took time, but I learned a lot. Once I felt confident, I combined some recipes and began shopping.

What kind of ramen would you try to make first? I like several styles, but there was no question for me. I wanted a thick, tonkotsu broth with the background flavor of seafood – a kotteri gyokai tonkotsu, if you want to be precise. Finding the ingredients was not difficult. There are many places that sell pork bones online, but I could find a butcher in a local shop with everything I needed. My family was surprised to see me come home with five kilograms of pork bones and feet, but I was quite excited. I made chashu that evening, a rolled-up pork belly cooked very slowly in soy sauce, mirin, sake, water, and a little sugar. I put my soft boiled eggs in some of the extra sauce to give them flavour. I cleared up and put everything in the fridge. The next morning, I began the main task! Making a simple tonkotsu soup is not so difficult, but it takes a very long time and your whole neighbourhood will smell like a ramen shop. After preparing the bones, my soup boiled for about 11 hours in a large pot, although I was free for most of that time. For the first few hours, I regularly added water. Later, I let it reduce to concentrate the flavor. From five kg of bones and ten litres of water, I ended up with three litres of very thick white soup. To serve it, I started with a gyokai tare of dashi, sardines, soy, mirin and bonito flakes. Then I added the soup, hot noodles and finally my toppings of chashu, egg, bamboo shoots, nori, and green onion. It was a long job, but it tasted like a real ramen from a popular shop. My family and I were delighted.

Making proper ramen at home is fun for those who like to cook, but it takes some time and effort. If you want to try, I would recommend you first read some online information boards and watch videos about the technique. Personally, I think making effort makes the achievement more enjoyable, so it is something I would definitely recommend. As for me, my wife recently bought me a book of ramen recipes as a present. My life as an amateur ramen cook may be just beginning.

Blog Quiz

1. Why did the author decide to cook ramen at home?

2. Why was the author's family surprised?

3. What does the author believe about making effort?

Scroll down ↓ for the answers to the quiz.

Quiz Answers

A1. Because the government recommended people avoid crowded places

A2. Because he came home with a lot of pork bones and feet.

A3. It makes the achievement more enjoyable

It is dead, but it is alive. It has no mind, but it is coming for you. There are thousands, but they move together. One bite and you become one of them. Zombies are one of the scariest monsters our pop culture has created. But why? And why are they becoming more popular recently?

The answer is in the real world and digital world that we live in. Zombies have been around for a long time. In books, movies, comics, games, or television, we cannot escape this popular monster. George Romero’s movie, Night of the Living Dead, made the genre famous in 1968, and it is more popular now than ever. Many people are familiar with TV and video game series like The Walking Dead and Resident Evil (Biohazard, in Japan). But get ready—the zombies are coming, and they are going to be more popular than ever.

Movies, television, music, video games: pop culture and media are always connected to the time and events when they were created. The current events, news, and feelings of people always flavor and affect the art and media we create. Famous events and happenings have an influence as well. Godzilla rose from post-war Japan, just like the popularity of superhero movies grew from a post-9/11 United States. Public health issues have always had a strong connection to the horror genre. A growing concern over the spread of HIV/AIDS fueled a boom in vampire movies that lasted over a decade. Outbreaks of Ebola, SARS, and other diseases pushed World War Z, Resident Evil (Biohazard), and The Walking Dead to the front of popular culture. When pandemics and diseases lead the news, the result is often horror movies, television, and games that focus on infection (by blood: vampires, by virus: zombies, etc). With the spread of COVID-19, it is likely that zombies are on the rise again.

However, there is another theory about the popularity of zombies. Some people believe that zombie entertainment becomes popular when people are afraid of losing their individuality or personal views. During election years, when there are large social movements, when there is social pressure to be the same, when there is a push to join a group: these are times when the zombie genre rises up. Recently, many people point to social media (SNS) as something that is pushing people to become part of trends, groups, and to copy other people. So maybe 2021 is the Year of the Zombie? Social media is more powerful than ever, elections and social movements across the world have split people into groups, and COVID-19 has deeply changed our world. The situation is perfect for the zombie to rise, spread, and become king again.

https://www.buycostumes.com/ideas/24-films-and-franchises-that-shaped-the-evolution-of-zombies/

https://filmdaft.com/why-are-zombie-movies-so-popular/ https://www.dmdraper.com/zombies/why-are-zombies-so-popular/

Photo Credit: Lisa Fotios @pexels.com

Blog Quiz

Q1. What was the first famous zombie movie?

Q2. According to the author, what are two reasons that cause zombies to become popular in pop culture?

Q3. What is the Western name for the Biohazard franchise?

Scroll down ↓ for the answers to the quiz.

Quiz Answers

Q1. Night of the Living Dead

Q2. Current events (e.g., war and public health crises). Times when people feel like they might be losing their individuality (e.g., elections and social media)

Q3. Resident Evil

When I tell people that I came from California, various famous locations frequently come to their minds. Of course, you’ve probably heard of Silicon Valley being the innovation heartland of the world and about the beaches around Los Angeles where surfers gather. Maybe you’ve also gotten the chance to visit Yosemite National park and appreciate its beauty. But I can guarantee that you’ve never heard of my small hometown of Auburn, located 20 minutes east by car from the state capital Sacramento.

Truthfully, Auburn is not a town that I recommend going to, and yet it has provided me with the inspiration to be curious about the international world. For Americans who never want to experience culture shock in their lives, Auburn is the perfect little town for them. Its population is just over 14,000 residents, which is shockingly small compared to cities like San Francisco. Its diversity is also minimal with similar like-minded Americans who have almost no contact with the international community. Every time you go to the grocery store, you are guaranteed to run into at least one person you know. Growing up in this environment makes one believe that the world is small.

Fortunately, I received my first cross-cultural experience upon graduating from high school and entering university. My college’s student demographic was significantly diverse, and it felt like I was thrown into a whole new world. It was almost like experiencing culture shock within my own country. Additionally, my professors taught me that the world is quite vast, with many perspectives and interesting people and places. I quickly understood that I wanted to pursue international knowledge as my life passion. Eventually, this led me down the road to studying Japanese and finally moving to Japan six years ago.

Looking back at my experiences, I can honestly say that Auburn helped me understand my path and what I wanted out of life. But instead of providing me with the foundation for cross-cultural knowledge, it deprived me of what I truly wanted. And once that barrier was lifted, there was no chance of me ever going back. Therefore, without this background, I would not have been motivated to seek the unforgettable experiences that have come from me pursuing an international career.

Photo Credit: Kampusproduction@pixels.com

Blog Quiz

Question 1: What is the author’s hometown? 

Question 2: Why did the author move to Japan? 

Question 3: How did the author’s hometown create the opportunity for a global life? 

Scroll down ↓ for the answers to the quiz.

Quiz Answers

Answer 1: The author’s hometown is Auburn, California. 

Answer 2: The author experienced diversity in university and learned that there are many perspectives and people to meet in the world. 

Answer 3: Growing up in Auburn deprived the author of cross-cultural knowledge and experiences. The author discovered this after entering university. 

I have been reading a lot recently, now that I have more time stuck at home… I have been wanting to be a better person and make good use of the time I have now. I am sure my old self would have been stuck in front of the TV watching Netflix or locked on the computer screen, stuck on the latest YouTube videos. A book that is changing my life is “Atomic Habits” by James Clear. I recommend you pick it up, it is an easy read, but it can change your life.  Here are a few of the many good ideas in the first chapter, but that is just the beginning… 

Everyone has habits, and did you know that the habits that you have now, whether they are getting up early, or turning off the lights when you leave a room came to you without effort? Of course, your bad habits, like procrastinating or eating an unhealthy meal come very easy too, but did you know that those little decisions make up who we are? These little decisions, good or bad add up. These “1% decisions” are not noticeable but are very meaningful. As you repeat and do small things, day by day, those habits will have an impact on the way your life will be heading. If you stay up late and finish up work you were putting off, sure you can survive on three or four hours of sleep that next day, but one day in the future, you will wake up late and miss something important or make a mistake because you were sleepy. The author says, “Success is the product of daily habits – not once-in-a-life-time transformations.” 

You might be thinking that you need to change every little thing in your life… no… start with one thing that will make your actions successful. Just like when you chop a tree down, you pick up your axe, and start swinging, you cannot cut down a tree with one blow, it takes many strikes at the tree to bring it down. Just like starting a new habit, it takes many times of doing something to start a new habit, or stop a bad one. At first, it is exciting to start something new and you can see wood chips flying, but after a while you get tired and you hit and hit but you do not see change. When you finally fell that tree, the whole world will look at you and say how great your achievement was, but you know it was the work that you did when you did not see any results was the work that made things possible. Fighting on through hard times will make future success. “All big things come from small beginnings. The seed of every habit is a single, tiny decision.” 

It is a new year now and people talk about “New Year’s Resolutions” (新年の抱負) . More than making a goal this year, plan on making a “system” that will make your goals, reality. Just like every Olympic athlete has the goal to win the gold medal, if you improve the way you train and make the environment easy for you to get better, improve your training system… you will have a better outcome. Also, achieving that goal will be good but the result of meeting that goal is nothing if your life is not changed. If you diet and lose those kilograms you wanted to lose but go back to eating as you did before the diet, you will just rebound back. You need to change your eating and exercise system so you will have those great results (lost weight and fitting into those jeans) for the rest of your life. These are just some of the great ideas waiting for you in the book. Please read it and come to the BBP and let’s talk about it. Everything counts. 

Reference: Clear, J. (2018) Atomic Habits. Penguin Random House LLC, New York.

Go to jamesclear.com

Photo Credit: Andrea Piacquadio@pixels.com

Blog Quiz

1. What did the author do this past year?

a- watch a lot of TV and YouTube videos

b-sleep a lot

c- read books

2. What is the book "Atomic Habits" about?

a-making good habits

b-studying atoms

c-a boy named "Tom"

3. The book's author said, "All big things come from ___________"

a-big things

b-small beginnings

c-once in a lifetime events

Scroll down ↓ for the answers to the quiz.

Quiz Answers

Q1. c

Q2. a

Q3. b

Would you like to be able to write faster and more freely in a language you are learning and perhaps in your native language too? Students have often told me that they find writing to be a slow and tedious process, mainly because they worry so much about spelling and grammar rather than just getting their message across on paper. Today, therefore, I would like to introduce the concept of freewriting, an easy writing activity that can be done at home and can make writing practice fun.

So … what exactly is freewriting? Basically, it involves grabbing a piece of paper and a pen, setting a time limit, choosing a topic of interest to you, and then writing as quickly as possible without stopping and without worrying about spelling or grammar. Let’s go through the steps one by one.

First, after securing some paper and a writing tool, you will need to set a time limit. Most people I know who practice freewriting set a limit of 10 minutes, although some people write for 15 or 20 minutes. Next, you will need to choose a topic. Many people just choose to write about whatever is in their head at that moment: recent experiences in their lives or specific interests such as sports, books, movies, or music. However, my favorite way to practice freewriting is to link it with video material. This means watching an enjoyable YouTube, movie, or TV program and then writing about it. Whatever topic you choose, freewriting is a good way to get facts, memories, and personal feelings down on paper. Last, take a minute of silence to think about what points you would like to write about and then start the timer and write, write, write very fast, without stopping. Just enjoy the process of getting words down on paper rather than on style or grammar. If you always write in the same notebook, it will act as a kind of a personal journal, and you will be able to see your progress.

Freewriting on a regular basis can help to promote writing speed, fluency, creativity, organizational skills, confidence, and overall enjoyment of writing. Although freewriters are not meant to worry about grammar, most of my students find that it naturally improves after several weeks. You can hasten this improvement by, for example, consciously practicing verb tense by writing about a past event one day and a future event another day. You can also focus on new vocabulary by making a short list of perhaps five words that you would like to use that day while writing.    

If you can spare 10 or 15 minutes each day, I highly recommend picking up a pen and trying some freewriting fun!

Photo Credit: Lisa Fotios @pexels.com

Blog Quiz

Q1. According to the article, which of the following should students do when they practice freewriting?

a.    Stop writing and check how to spell a word

b.    Write quickly about a topic

c.    Spend at least one hour per day writing

Q2. What are the author’s preferred topics for freewriting?

a.    Television programs and films

b.    Books and comics

c.    News articles and podcasts

Q3. According to the article, what is one benefit of freewriting?

a.    Planning future tasks

b.    Improving test scores

c.    Gaining confidence

Scroll down ↓ for the answers to the quiz.

Quiz Answers

Q1. B

Q2. A

Q3. C